Summary

The earth is a closed system. Only sunlight provides an inflow of external energy. Humans have to create their environment from the resources of the earth.

Until late in the 20th century it seemed to be believed that the resources on earth were unlimited, and that human influence had no major impact on the state of the earth. With the increase in living standards and population as well as new insights, it became evident however, that human influence had a great impact after all and that there was a limit to the resources on earth as far as humans were concerned.

Now we find ourselves at the eve of a transformation of traditional society, based on the exploitation of earthly resources, to a sustainable society.
Enabling this transition requires a paradigm shift in technology and knowledge. Apart from solving the energy issue, the sustainable transformation of (recyclable) raw materials into products, using mild and clean conditions, is crucial for a sustainable society.

The transition to a sustainable society will primarily involve the exchange of oil-based raw materials. On the long run however all products must be made of recyclable raw materials. Because there are raw materials with functionally poor properties (oil consists of hydrocarbon) on one hand, and raw materials with functionally rich properties (recyclable raw materials mainly are sugars, proteins, lignin etc) on the other hand, different types of chemical processes are required.

The research cluster Sustainable Chemistry gives the answers to questions such as:

• Can we design closed circles from a holistic point of view for the production of relevant materials and fuels?
• Can the catalysts that are used in the process all be built from materials (mostly metals) that are cheap and widely available?
• Can the sun be used as a direct energy source in uphill chemical processes to make chemicals and fuels?
• Is it possible to understand these chemical processes to such an extend that we can design processes based on first principles?

In the research program of the various groups the development of new clean chemical processes is highly represented.

The asset of a centre of gravity Sustainable Chemistry is to have a wide range of expertise looking at challenges brought about by the transition to sustainable production including the transformation of recyclable raw materials.

A versatile approach to the problem facilitates the access to the best of new technologies. Even more important is the creation of focus and mass. By assembling a variety of expertise on sustainable catalytic synthesis, a systems approach to sustainable processes can be developed. Whereas in mono-disciplinary research it is customary to observe one single step in the synthesis process, we can now observe a number of multistep processes simultaneously.
The asset is focused on the functionality of byproducts for other processes and the avoidance of inherently difficult transformations by learning about new ways from other core expertise.
By studying/optimizing the sustainability of whole systems, a far greater impact is obtained than while studying single steps.

Scientific case

Several groups in HIMS specialize in catalysis, a technology that is pre-eminently suitable for the development of sustainable chemical processes.

In this respect it is the only part of The Netherlands where disciplines such as homogeneous catalysis, supramolecular catalysis, organometallic chemistry and catalysis, biocatalysis, heterogeneous catalysis, organocatalysis and photocatalysis are studied simultaneously.

Moreover, there is an expertise in the field of computational catalysis. The various groups in HIMS have an outstanding reputation in the field of catalysis and publish regularly in top journals.
The track records of the various researchers testify of high H-indexes, various VENI, VIDI and VICI laureates (De Bruin, Reek, Rothenberg, Grecea, Dubbeldam, van der Vlugt, Hetterscheid), NWO top subsidies (Reek),  ERC grants (De Bruin, Van der Vlugt) and membership of De Jonge Akademie (Reek).
Moreover, the UvA has a leading position in the management of national initiatives, such as the top research school Catalysis and the research schools NIOK and HRSMC. UvA is secretary of the latter and Buma is its director. Further, there  is a strong participation in national projects, such as CatchBio (catalysis for sustainable chemicals from biomass) and the FES BIOFUELS program, and two spin-off companies in the field of catalysis have been set up: Yellow Diesel (heterogeneous catalysis to produce biofuels ) and InCatT (selective catalysis for fine chemicals). Tens of patents have been created.

Six publications with large impact since 2008 are mentioned below.

Publications

1. Wassenaar, J., Jansen, E., Zeist, W.-J. van, Bickelhaupt, F.M., Siegler, M.A., Spek, A.L. & Reek, J.N.H. (2010). Catalyst selection based on intermediate stability measured by mass spectrometry. Nature Chemistry, 2(5), 417-421.
2. Meeuwissen, J. & Reek, J.N.H. (2010). Supramolecular catalysis beyond enzyme mimics. Nature Chemistry, 2(8), 615-621.
3. Marras, F., Kluwer, A.M., Siekierzycka, J.R., Vozza, A., Brouwer, A.M. & Reek, J.N.H. (2010). Phosphorus ligand imaging with two-photon fluorescence spectroscopy: towards rational catalyst immobilization. Angewandte Chemie, International Edition, 49(32), 5480-5484.  
4. Rothenberg, G. (2010). Catalysis: The best of both worlds. Nature Chemistry, 2(1), 9-10.
5. Pachon LD, Yosef I, Markus TZ, Naaman R, Avnir D, & Rothenberg G., (2009) Chiral imprinting of palladium with cinchona alkaloids,1 Nature Chemistry, 1(2), 160-164.
6. Hauwert, P.,Maestri, G., Sprengers, J.W., Catellani, M.,  Elsevier, (2008) C.J., Transfer semihydrogenation of alkynes catalyzed by a zero-valent Palladium N-heterocyclic carbine complex, Angew. Chemie 47, 3223-3226.