Publication list of the group of Professor Nico M.M. Nibbering
for the period 1995 - August 1999
M.W. van Amsterdam, S. Ingemann and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Ion-neutral complex formation and hydrogen-shifts in the alkene loss from ionized alkyl phenyl thioethers in the gas phase.
J. Mass Spectrom. 30, 43 (1995).
A.J.R. Heck and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Gas phase bimolecular chemistry of isomeric C3H6Br+ cations.
J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 6, 11 (1995).
M. Born, S. Ingemann and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Formation and characterization of the sulfur-containing distonic radical anion,
.CH2-S--CH-CN, in the gas phase.
J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 6, 71 (1995).
I. Aben, F.A. Pinkse, N.M.M. Nibbering and P.G. Kistemaker,
Photodissociation of mass-selected ions in a BEqQ sector mass spectrometer using a pulsed laser.
Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 9, 215 (1995).
P.O. Staneke, G. Groothuis, S. Ingemann and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Formation, stability and structure of radical anions of chloroform, tetrachloromethane and fluorotrichloromethane in the gas phase.
Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes 142, 83 (1995).
S.P. de Visser, L.J. de Koning, W.J. van der Hart and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Chemical properties of butadienyl anions in the gas-phase.
Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 114, 267 (1995).
E.H. Gur, L.J. de Koning and N.M.M. Nibbering,
The bimolecular hydrogen-deuterium exchange behavior of protonated alkyl dipeptides in the gas phase.
J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 6, 466 (1995).
C. Denekamp, A. Etinger, R.H. Fokkens, N. Khaselev, A. Mandelbaum and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Effect of conformation on proton affinities of stereoisomeric ethers.
J. Mass Spectrom. 30, 1174 (1995).
I. Aben and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Infrared laser excitation of gas phase molecules prior to field ionization.
Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes 146/147, 247 (1995).
H. von Köding, F.A. Pinkse and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Rate coefficients of single and double electron transfer from Xe to Xe2+ at low collision energies as determined by use of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry.
Physica Scripta T59, 418 (1995).
S.P. de Visser, L.J. de Koning and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Reactivity and thermochemical properties of the water dimer radical cation in the gas phase.
J. Phys. Chem. 99, 15444 (1995).
F.M. Bickelhaupt, G.J.H. Buisman, L.J. de Koning, N.M.M. Nibbering and E.J. Baerends,
Gas-phase base-induced 1,4-eliminations: occurrence of single-, double- , and triple-well E1cb mechanisms.
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117, 9889 (1995)
P.O. Staneke, G. Groothuis, S. Ingemann and N.M.M. Nibbering,
The interplay between electron transfer and attack on halogen in gas-phase reactions of negative ions with fluoro-chloromethanes and fluoro-bromomethanes.
Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes 149/150, 99 (1995).
W.D. Hoff, B. Devreese, R. Fokkens, I.M. Nugteren-Roodzant, J. van Beeumen, N. Nibbering and K.J. Hellingwerf,
Chemical reactivity and spectroscopy of the thiol ester-linked p-coumaric acid chromophore in the photoactive yellow protein from Ectothiorhodospira halophila.
Biochem. 35, 1274 (1996).
E. Gur, L.J. de Koning and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Gas-phase hydrogen-deuterium exchange of protonated alkyldipeptides with (S)- and (R)-butan-2-ol.
J. Mass Spectrom. 31, 325 (1996).
P.O. Staneke, S. Ingemann and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Electron transfer as a possible initial step in nucleophilic addition elimination reactions between (radical) anions and carbonyl compounds in the gas phase.
Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 115, 179 (1996).
F. M. Bickelhaupt, E.J. Baerends and N.M.M. Nibbering,
The effect of microsolvation on E2 and SN2 reactions; Theoretical study of the model system F- + C2H5F + nHF.
Chem. Eur. J. 2, 206 (1996).
H.E.K. Matimba, S. Ingemann and N.M.M.Nibbering,
Competing reactions leading to propene loss from the molecular ions of aryl n-propyl ethers.
J. Mass Spectrom. 31, 609 (1996).
B. Bogdanov, H.E.K. Matimba, S. Ingemann and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Chemical ionization of phenyl n-propyl ether and methyl substituted analogs: propene loss initiated by competing proton transfer to the oxygen atom and the aromatic ring.
J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 7, 639 (1996).
P.O. Staneke, G. Groothuis, S. Ingemann and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Competing electron transfer, proton abstraction and nucleophilic substitutions in gas-phase reactions of (radical) anions with chloro- and bromomethanes.
J. Phys. Org. Chem. 9, 471 (1996).
J. Kauw, M. Born, S. Ingemann and N.M.M. Nibbbering,
Gas-phase reactions of isomeric carbene and distonic radical anions derived from methylthioacetonitrile with dimethyl disulfide.
Rapid Commun.Mass Spectrom. 10, 1400 (1996).
N.M.M. Nibbering, S. Ingemann and L.J. de Koning,
Unimolecular and bimolecular chemistry of gas phase ions. The structure, energetics and dynamics of organic ions.
(T. Baer, C. Ng and I. Powis, Eds), John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, England, 1996, 281-338.
M. Born, S. Ingemann and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Reactivity of mono-halogen carbene radical anions (CHX-.; X = F, Cl and Br) and the corresponding carbanions (CH2X-; X = Cl and Br) in the gas phase.
J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 2537 (1996).
M. Born, S. Ingemann and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Experimental determination of the enthalpies of formation of formyl cyanide and thioformyl cyanide in the gas phase.
J. Phys. Chem. 100, 17662 (1996).
S.P. de Visser, L.J. de Koning and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Bond dissociation energy of the radical cation dimers of diethyl sulfide, di-n-propyl sulfide and di-n-butyl sulfide.
Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes 157/158, 283 (1996).
P.O. Staneke, J. Kauw, M. Born, S. Ingemann and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Low pressure gas-phase reactions of the atomic oxygen radical anion with halomethanes studied using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance.
Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 11, 124 (1997).
C. Gremmen, T.A. Molenaar-Langeveld, S. Ingemann and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Isomerization of the molecular ion of cyclohexyl cyanide to an ionized bicycloheptane imine species competing with direct ring-opening.
Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes 160, 193 (1997).
C.J.H. Miermans, R.H. Fokkens and N.M.M. Nibbering,
A study of the applicability of various ionization methods and tandem mass spectrometry in the analyses of triphenyltin compounds.
Anal. Chim. Acta 340, 5 (1997).
J.D. van den Berg, L.A. Smets, M. Rutgers, A. Grummels, R. Fokkens, P. Jonkergouw and H. van Rooij,
Chemical characterization and comparative cellular effects of meta-iodobenzyl guanidine and benzyl guanidine.
Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 40, 131 (1997).
P.O. Staneke and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization and electrospray ionization combined with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry.
Spectroscopy 13, 145 (1996/1997).
O. Sekiguchi, K. Aoyagi, S. Tajima and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Routes of formation and decomposition of the m/z 59 ions with elemental composition C3H7O generated upon electron impact ionization of methyl propanoate.
J. Mass Spectrom. 32, 755 (1997).
H.H. Büker, N.M.M. Nibbering, D. Espinosa, F. Mongin and M. Schlosser,
Additivity of substitution effects in the fluoroarene series: Equilibrium acidity in the gas phase and deprotonation rates in ethereal solution.
Tetrahedron Letters 38, 8519 (1997).
L.J. de Koning, N.M.M. Nibbering, S.L. van Orden and F.H. Laukien,
Mass selection of ions in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance trap using correlated harmonic excitation fields (CHEF).
Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes 165/166, 209 (1997).
H. Yamaoka, R.H. Fokkens, S. Tajima, H. Yamataka and N.M.M. Nibbering,
On the competitive channels for loss of hydrogen fluoride from oxygen protonated trifluoroacetaldehyde.
Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg. 196, 399 (1997).
M. Born, S. Ingemann and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Formation and chemistry of radical anions in the gas phase.
Mass Spectrom. Rev. 16, 181 (1997).
E.H. Gur, L.J. de Koning and N.M.M. Nibbering,
The bimolecular gas phase reaction of protonated alkyldipeptides with acetonylacetone.
Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes 167/168, 135 (1997).
B. Bogdanov, H.E.K. Matimba, S. Ingemann and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Chemical ionization of fluorophenyl n-propyl ethers: loss of propene from the metastable [M+D]+ ions.
J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 9, 121 (1998).
A.M. Cardoso, S.M.G. Alexandre, C.M.F. Barros, A.J. Ferrer-Correia and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Proton affinities of phenylalkylamines by the kinetic method.
Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes 172, 123 (1998).
S.P. de Visser, L.J. de Koning and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Chemical and thermodynamic properties of methyl chloride dimer radical cations in the gas phase.
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120, 1517 (1998).
W.T.S. Huck, A. Rohrer, A.T. Anilkumar, R.H. Fokkens, N.M.M. Nibbering, F.C.J.M. van Veggel and D.N. Reinhoudt,
Non-covalent synthesis of multiporphyrin systems.
New J. Chem. 165 (1998).
K.A. Jolliffe, M.C. Calama, R. Fokkens, N.M.M. Nibbering, P. Timmerman and D.N. Reinhoudt,
Characterization of hydrogen-bonded supramolecular assemblies by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry after Ag+ labeling.
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 37, 1247 (1998).
M.C. Calama, R. Hulst, R. Fokkens, N.M.M. Nibbering, P. Timmerman and D.N. Reinhoudt,
Libraries of non-covalent hydrogen-bonded assemblies; combinatorial synthesis of supramolecular systems.
Chem. Commun. 1021 (1998).
M. Schlosser, F. Mongin, J. Porwisiak, W. Dmowski, H.H. Büker and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Bis- and oligo(trifluoromethyl)benzenes: hydrogen/metal exchange rates and gas-phase acidities.
Chem. Eur. J. 4, 1281 (1998).
M. Born, J. Chamot-Rooke, S. Ingemann and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Formation of the distonic acetate radical anion .CH2CO2- in ractions of O-. with lactones in the gas phase.
J. Mass Spectrom. 33, 677 (1998).
A.M. Cardoso, S.M.G. Alexandre, C.M.F. Barros, A.J. Ferrer-Correia and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Gas-phase protonation of arylalkylamines. A metastable ion study.
Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 12, 825 (1998).
O. Sekiguchi, T. Matsuda, S. Tajima and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Electron ionization induced metastable decomposition of isomeric trimethylsilylmethanol, (CH3)3SiCH2OH, and methoxytrimethylsilane, (CH3)3SiOCH3.
J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 9, 1029 (1998).
F.M. Bickelhaupt, A. Diefenbach, S.P. de Visser, L.J. de Koning and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Nature of the three-electron bond in H2S:.SH2+.
J. Phys. Chem. A 102, 9549 (1998).
N.M.M. Nibbering,
Recent gas phase ion chemistry studies.
Adv. Mass Spectrom. 14, 43 (1998).
S.P. de Visser, F.M. Bickelhaupt, L.J. de Koning and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Sulfur-sulfur three-electron bond dissociation enthalpies of dialkyl sulfide dimer radical cations.
Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 179/180, 43 (1998).
N.M.M. Nibbering,
Workshop on bioanalytical applications of gas-phase ion chemistry in Fundamentals and Applications of Gas Phase Ion Chemistry (K.R. Jennings, ed.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1999, pp. 419-429.
F.H.W. van Amerom, W.J. van der Hart and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Light-induced intermolecular proton transfer from gas-phase ions to neutral molecules.
Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 182/183, 7 (1999).
S.P. de Visser, E. van der Horst, L.J. de Koning, W.J. van der Hart and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Characterization of isomeric C4H5- anions in the gas phase; theory and experiment.
J. Mass Spectrom. 34, 303 (1999).
H. von Köding and N.M.M. Nibbering,
A Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance study of two and one-electron capture ractions between doubly charged rare gas ions and rare gas atoms.
Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 185/186/187, 281 (1999).
H. Yamaoka, R.H. Fokkens and N.M.M. Nibbering,
A metastable ion and collision-induced dissociation study of the (M-C2H4).+ ion from 3-phenyl-1-bromopropane.
Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 188, 1 (1999).
D. Heymann, F. Cataldo, R. Fokkens, N.M.M. Nibbering and R.D. Vis,
Loss of chlorine from C60 and C70 chlorides.
Fullerene Science and Technology, 7, 159 (1999).
T.B. Vree, L. Maljers, N. van den Borg, N.M.M. Nibbering, C.P.W.G.M. Verwey-van Wissen, A.J. Lagerwerf, R.A.A. Maes and P.J.H. Jongen,
High-performance liquid-chromatographic-atmospheric-pressure chemical-ionization ion-trap mass-spectrometric identification of isomeric C6-hydroxy and C20-hydroxy metabolites of methylprednisolone in the urine of patients receiving high-dose pulse therapy.
J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 51, 1155 (1999).
A.M. Cardoso, S.M.G. Alexandre, C.M.F. Barros, A.J. Ferrer Correia and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Gas-phase deprotonation of arylalkylamines. A collision-induced dissociation study.
Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 13, 1885 (1999).
M. Sarobe, R.H. Fokkens, T.J. Cleij, L.W. Jenneskens, N.M.M. Nibbering, W. Stas and C. Versluis,
S8-mediated cyclotrimerization of 4,5-dihydrobenz[l]acephenanthrylene:
trinaphthodecacyclene (C60
H30) isomers and their propensity towards cyclodehydrogenation.
Chem. Phys. Lett. 313, 31 (1999).
X. Guo, R.H. Fokkens, H.J.W. Peeters, N.M.M Nibbering and C.G. de Koster,
Multiple cationization of polyethylene glycols in field desorption mass spectrometry: a new approach to extend the mass scale on sector mass spectrometers.
Rapid. Commun. Mass Spectrom. 13, 2223 (1999).
D. Heymann, F. Cataldo, M.H. Thiemens, R. Fokkens, N.M.M. Nibbering and
R.D. Vis,
Soluble products from photo-polymerization of carbon disulfide.
In: Pandalai, M.S. (ed.), Recent research and development in photochemistry and photobiology, Vol. 3, Transworld Research Network, Kerala , 133-145 (1999).
D. Heymann, R. Fokkens and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Stability of C70O in toluene.
Fullerene Science and Technology, 7, 927 (1999).
N.M.M. Nibbering,
Recent chemical research with use of mass spectrometry.
Proceedings of the 8th ISMAS Symposium on Mass Spectrometry, held in Hyderabad, India, December 7 to 9, 1999, pp. 295-306.
N.M.M. Nibbering,
Field ionization kinetics in mass spectrometry.
In: J.C. Lindon, G.E. Tranter and J.L. Holmes (eds), Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry, Academic Press, Vol. 1, 539-548 (1999).
M. Born, S. Ingemann and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Thermochemical properties of halogen-substituted methanes, methyl radicals, and carbenes in the gas phase.
Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 194, 103 (2000).
C.G. Sinnige, L.J. de Koning and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Water molecule assisted proton mobility in gaseous protonated GlyPro and ProGly.
Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 195/196, 115 (2000).
H. Wincel, R.H. Fokkens and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Peptide bond formation in gas-phase ion/molecule reactions of amino acids: a novel proposal for the synthesis of prebiotic oligopeptides.
Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 14, 135 (2000).
D. Muscat, H. Henderickx, G. Kwakkenbos, R. van Benthem, C.G. de Koster, R. Fokkens and N.M.M. Nibbering,
In-source decay of hyperbranched polyesteramides in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 11, 218 (2000).
F. Cardullo, M.C. Calama, B.H.M. Snellink-Ruel, J.-L. Weidmann, A. Bielejewska, R. Fokkens, N.M.M. Nibbering, P. Timmerman and D.N. Reinhoudt,
Covalent capture of dynamic hydrogen-bonded assemblies.
Chem. Commun. 5, 367 (2000).
F.H.W. van Amerom, D. van Duijn, W.J. van der Hart and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Intermolecular proton transfer from visible laser light-excited indene radical cations to reference bases in the gas phase.
Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 197, 211 (2000).
L.E. Ramos, A.M. Cardoso, A.J. Ferrer Correia and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Dimethyl ether chemical ionization of arylalkylamines.
Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 14, 408 (2000).
D. Heymann, F. Cataldo, M.H. Thiemens, R. Fokkens, N.M.M. Nibbering and R.D. Vis,
Formation of CmSn compounds by photopolymerization of CS2 in the atmosphere of Jupiter.
Meteoritis & Planetary Science 35, 355 (2000).
T.A. Molenaar-Langeveld, C. Gremmen, S. Ingemann and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Isomeric dependence of the formation of ion/neutral complexes in dissociation reactions of ionized propoxypyridines.
Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 199, 1 (2000).
N.M.M Nibbering,
The role of mass spectrometric methods in ionic reaction mechanistic studies.
Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 200, 27 (2000).
D. Heymann, S.M. Bachilo, R.B. Weisman, F. Cataldo, R.H. Fokkens, N.M.M. Nibbering, R.D. Vis and L.P.F. Chibante,
C60O3, a fullerene ozonide: synthesis and dissociation to C60O and O2.
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122, 11473 (2000).
P. Timmerman, K.A. Jolliffe, M.C. Calama, J.-L. Weidmann, L. Prins, F. Cardullo, B.H.M. Snellink-Ruël, R.H. Fokkens, N.M.M. Nibbering, S. Shinkai and D.N. Reinhoudt,
Ag+ Labelling: A general tool for the characterization of hydrogen bonded supramolecular assemblies by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.
Chem. Eur. 6, 4104 (2000).
X. Guo, N.M.M. Nibbering and H.-F. Grützmacher,
Reactivity and structures of hydrogenated carbon cluster ions CnHx+ (n = 18, 20; x = 4-12) derived from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons toward
benzene: ion/molecule reactions as a probe for ion structures.
Eur. J. Mass Spectrom. 6, 357 (2000).
L.E. Ramos, A.M. Cardoso, A.J. Ferrer Correia and N.M.M. Nibbering,
The behaviour of arylalkylamines towards trimethylborate as a gas-phase reagent.
Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 203, 101 (2000).
H. Wincel, R.H. Fokkens and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Gas-phase reactions of NO+ with Glu and g-Glu-Met.
Int. Spectroscopy 14, 247 (2000).
R.G. Cooks, E. Gelpi and N.M.M. Nibbering,
International Mass Spectrometry Society (IMSS).
J. Mass Spectrom. 36, 119 (2001).
F.H.W. van Amerom, D. van Duijn, W.J. van der Hart and N.M.M. Nibbering,
A study of light-induced proton transfer from gas phase (radical) cations to reference bases.
Bracketing of proton transfer from excited ions and associated reaction kinetics.
J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 12, 359 (2001).
E.T.F. Gelade, B. Goderis, C.G. de Koster, N. Meijerink, R.A.T.M. van Benthem, R. Fokkens, N.M.M. Nibbering and K. Mortensen,
Molecular structure characterisation of hyperbranched polyesteramides.
Macromolecules 34, 3552 (2001).
S. Tajima, D. Watanabe, S. Nakajima, O. Sekiguchi and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Formation and decomposition of the m/z 75 fragment ions from the molecular ions of ethyl lactate, CH3CH(OH)COOCH2CH3.
Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 207, 217 (2001).
A.G.A.M. Lips, W. Lameijer, R.H. Fokkens and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Methodology for the development of a drug library based upon collision-induced fragmentation for the identification of toxicologically relevant drugs in plasma samples.
J. Chromatogr. B., 759, 191 (2001).
M. Schlosser, E. Marzi, F. Cottet, H.H. Buker and N.M.M. Nibbering,
The acidity of chloro-substituted benzenes: a comparison of gas phase, ab initio, and kinetic data.
Chem. Eur. J., 7, 3511 (2001).
S. Nakajima, T. Asakawa, O. Sekiguchi, S. Tajima and N.M.M. Nibbering,
On the formation of protonated dimethyl ether from the metastably decomposing molecular ion of 1-methoxy-2-propanol.
Eur J. Mass Spectrom., 7, 47 (2001).
A.M. Cardoso, A.J. Ferrer Correia, R.H. Fokkens and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Evidence for the formation of acyclic ions from the radical cations and cyclic ions from the protonated molecules of a,w-diamines upon loss of ammonia.
Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 217, 55 (2002) .
H.-J. van Manen, R.H. Fokkens, N.M.M. Nibbering, F.C.J.M. van Veggel and D.N. Reinhoudt,
Convergent synthesis of noncovalent metallodendrimers containing hydrophobic dendrons at the periphery.
J. Org. Chem.66, 4643 (2001).
B. Gomez-Lor, C. Koper, R.H. Fokkens, E.J. Vlietstra, T.j. Cleij, L.W. Jenneskens, N.M.M. Nibbering and A.M. Echavarren,
Zipping up 'the crushed fullerene' C60H30: C60 by fifteen-fold, consecutive intramolecular H2 losses.
Chem. Comm., 370 (2002).
S. Tajima, D. Watanabe, S. Nakajima, O. Sekiguchi and N.M.M. Nibbering,
Metastable ion study of organosilicon compounds. Part XIV- trimethylsilylacetic acid, (CH3)3SiCH2COOH, and its methyl ester, (CH3)3SiCH2COOCH3.
J. Mass Spectrom., 37, 299 (2002).
D.H. van de Kerkhof, R.D. van Ooijen, D. de Boer, R.H. Fokkens, N.M.M. Nibbering, J.W. Zwikker, J.H.H. Thijssen and R.A.A. Maes,
Artifact formation due to ethyl thio-incorporation into silylated steroid structures as determined in doping analysis.
J. Chromatogr. A, 954, 199 (2002).
.